Analysis of the American Reality, Possibility, and Dream found in Nickel and Dimed and The Outsiders - Literature Essay Samples

Every American is familiar with the concept of the American Dream. It is the social myth at the very core of the nation’s identity. Unlike other countries, the United States is not rooted in a shared ancestry, history, or language. Instead, Americans find their unity in a common aspiration—the hope of a better future for themselves and their children in the Land of Opportunity. This is the vision that drove the Puritans to brave the sea, inspired the founding fathers to sign the Declaration of Independence, and continues to bring immigrants teeming into the country. The American Dream is deeply rooted in the culture and psyche of the United States and its citizens. It is a common theme in literature as American authors struggle to interpret the social myth in light of reality. One of the most beloved discussions and deconstructions of the American Dream is a novel written by Susan Eloise Hinton when she was only sixteen. The Outsiders chronicles the story of seven boys and their struggle to overcome the stereotypes forced on them by their community. Through the eyes of adolescence, Hinton analyzes the American Dream by addressing the gulfs that separate the Dream from reality, and the reality from the possibility of achieving the Dream. Another book with a similar purpose is Barbara Ehrenreich’s Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America. Unlike The Outsiders, Nickel and Dimed is a nonfictional account of Ehrenreich’s experiences as she attempts to support herself by working various blue collar jobs. Ehrenreich accuses America of abandoning the working poor who, she argues, are unable to support themselves on current minimum wage salaries. Furthermore, her exposà © shows an economic system that encourages the abuse and dehumanization of its low-income workers. Even while she stresses the importance of financial stability to the fulfillment of the American Dream, Ehrenreich spends a large portion of the book illustrating how a lack of humanity, in the system and between the classes, is the root cause of the large gap between rich and poor. While Hinton and Ehrenreich approach the American Dream from two very different perspectives, both conclude that a mutual respect and understanding between all people, regardless of class, is essential to fully restore the Dream for all Americans. The United States of America was founded on the notion that â€Å"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness† should be available to every citizen. The belief that these rights are available to every citizen is a great American myth. In his book The American Dream: The Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation, Jim Cullen calls this â€Å"idea that individuals have control over the course of their lives†¦ the very core of the American Dream, the bedrock premise upon which all else depends† (10). Hinton and Ehrenreich both attack the validity of the myth that equal opportunity is a reality in America and identify it as a source of prejudice and misunderstanding between the classes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ehrenreich’s opinions about poverty, before she began her undercover journalism research, correspond strongly with the way average middle and upper class Americans think. She describes how she â€Å"grew up hearing over and over, to the point of tedium, that ‘hard work’ was the secret of success† (Ehrenreich 220). When she attempts to support herself as a blue collar worker, however, she finds that â€Å"you [can] work hard—harder even than you ever thought possible—and still find yourself sinking ever deeper into poverty and debt† (Ehrenreich 220). In his book, Beyond the American Dream, Charles Hayes describes how the disconnection between the myth and reality stigmatizes the poor: The higher the level of social position reached†¦ the more the people on that level seem blinded by the relative advantage of their position. For example, the middle class expects the bottom level to simply go out and get a job, failing to see the dist inct advantage they themselves maintain through quality education and social connections. The typical middle-class businessman†¦ sees himself as deserving while he sees those at lower economic levels as being lazy and undeserving. (18-19) During her experience as a temporary member of working class America, Ehrenreich found the work exhausting, both physically and emotionally. Working as a maid, she describes the â€Å"exercise† as â€Å"totally asymmetrical, brutally repetitive, and as likely to destroy the musculoskeletal structure as to strengthen it† (Ehrenreich 90). Many of her coworkers work through pain, malnutrition, or pregnancy in order to keep their jobs and because they can’t afford to take unpaid days off. Several of the maids have injuries, treated and untreated, due to their work. Despite the prevalent idea that the poor can break free from poverty simply by working hard, Ehrenreich’s coworkers endure body-breaking work without having the opportunity to save enough to change their situation or seek out a different job.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like Ehrenreich, Hinton also argues that equal opportunity is a myth that contributes to prejudice. In The Outsiders, Ponyboy, the narrator, lives in a world divided by social class. The poor kids living on the East side, labeled â€Å"greasers† by the rest of the community, endure a multitude of stereotypes and stigmas. Ponyboy, and the other boys who make up his adopted family, or gang, know the labels well. On their way to a fight, they â€Å"embrace the stereotypes† (Inderbitzen 360), chanting: â€Å"‘I am a greaser†¦, I am a JD and a hood. I blacken the name of our fair city. I beat up people. I rob gas stations. I am a menace to society. Man, do I have fun O victim of environment, underprivileged, rotten, no-count hood!’† (Hinton 144). Despite their willingness to unite under these stereotypes, however, Ponyboy’s account of events brings the reader to a different understanding of the greasers. One member of the gang, in particular, allows the reader a fresh perspective on these dehumanizing stereotypes. Dally, who has â€Å"spent three years on the wild side of New York and had been arrested at the age of ten,† is the hardest kid of the group: â€Å"tougher, colder, meaner† (Hinton 19). Even Ponyboy, though he respects Dally, doesn’t like him. The tough faà §ade rapidly crumbles, however, when Johnny, Dally’s friend, dies from injuries sustained while rescuing children from a burning building. â€Å"‘That’s what you get for tryin’ to help people, you little punk,’ Dally blurts at Johnny’s body, ‘that’s what you get†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Hinton 157). Dally’s own life circumstances have taught him that selflessness, such as Johnny’s heroic efforts, results only in personal disaster and pain. Since his childhood, Dally has learned to meet the world with a cold detachment in order to survive the harsh, inner-city streets. When he loses the only person who had slipped past his defenses and grown close to him, the pain overwhelms Dally. He pulls an unloaded gun on the police, forcing them to shoot him. Though Dally embodied many of the stereotypes forced onto all greasers, ultimately he was just a child trying to protect himself in a world where no parent had ever cared for him. The great tragedy of his death is that Dally still had the potential to be an extraordinary person. In him, Johnny saw a strong, â€Å"gallant† hero (Hinton 84), someone to look up to. Dally’s efforts to save Johnny from the fire at the risk of his own life provide a glimpse into the person he might have become had the circumstances been different. Unlike the labels suggest, Dally was not ruined beyond repair or redemption by his environment. He was still a human being, and, as such, he still had the ability to choose who he might have become. The myth, therefore, perpetuates stereotypes that prevent empathy and g uidance from being given to kids because they are viewed as already beyond help.     Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the myth of equal opportunity, the American Dream is still carried in the hearts of poor and rich Americans alike. Ehrenreich and Hinton each comment on what the Dream looks like through the eyes of the poor and compare it to the Dream as interpreted by the middle and upper classes. After examining the Dream of each class, both authors conclude that the Dreams are complimentary, not antagonistic. In Nickel and Dimed, the viewpoints of those struggling with poverty come in the form of interviews with Ehrenreich’s coworkers. Near the end of her job as a maid, Ehrenreich asks the women who she was working with how they felt about the owners of the houses they clean, â€Å"who have so much while others, like themselves, barely get by† (118). Answers two of the women give shed light on a commonality in the Dream held by each person struggling with poverty. Lori responds, â€Å"All I can think of is like, wow, I’d like to have this stuff someday. It motivates me and I don’t feel the slightest resentment because, you know, it’s my goal to get to where they are† (Ehrenreich 118). Colleen’s answer is somewhat different: â€Å"I don’t mind, really, because I guess I’m a simple person, and I don’t want what they have. I mean, it’s nothing to me. But what I would like is to be able to take a day off now and then†¦ if I had to†¦ and still be able to buy groceries the next day† (Ehrenreich 119). Though Lori and Colleen have different Dreams, the need for economic security is common to both. Without enough income to begin saving, the poor are trapped in their current situation without hope of escape. Even the ability to find a higher paying job is severely limited by lack of time, energy, and transportation. The smallest disaster could push their delicately balanced lives over the edge and leave them without either a job or money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Dream of the rich, as expressed in Nickel and Dimed, comes from the author’s own perspective. Both Ehrenreich’s desire to research and write the book, as well as comments she makes about her own state of mind, reveal her own, middle-class Dream. Reflecting upon her â€Å"savior complex,† Ehrenreich admits, â€Å"Even my motives seem murky at the moment. Yes, I want to help Holly and everyone else in need, on a worldwide basis if possible. I am a ‘good person,’†¦, but maybe I’m also just sick of my suddenly acquired insignificance. Maybe I want to ‘be somebody,’†¦, somebody generous, competent, brave, and perhaps, above all, noticeable† (Ehrenreich 99). The need to matter is one she constantly wrestles with while preforming the menial tasks required of her from the various blue collar jobs she works. In order to cope with each of her jobs, Ehrenreich either finds meaning in it or creates meaning from pure fanta sy. In what she calls a â€Å"psychic flotation device† (108), Ehrenreich pretends, â€Å"I am not working for a maid service; rather, I have joined a mystic order dedicated to performing the most despised of tasks, cheerfully and virtually for free—grateful, in fact, for this chance to earn grace through submission and toil† (108). Unlike those who risk going hungry day by day, with no foreseeable route of escape, Ehrenreich is not really in any danger of starvation. Her basic needs are met and her current situation is only a charade. Her Dream focuses much more heavily on the upper levels of Maslow’s hierarchy: belonging, esteem, and self-actualization (â€Å"Need-Hierarchy Theory†). It is, in fact, these needs that have driven her to spend time living as one of America’s working poor. By temporarily giving up her privileged position, Ehrenreich is fulfilling her own Dream of doing meaningful work and being somebody who matters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Outsiders, the Dream of the lower class is expressed through the narrator. Like Ehrenreich, Ponyboy also shares with the reader his own fantasy: I loved the country. I wanted to be out of towns and away from excitement. I only wanted to lie on my back under a tree and read a book or draw a picture, and not worry about being jumped or carrying a blade The gang could come out on weekends, and maybe Dallas would see that there was some good in the world after all, and Mom would talk to him and make him grin in spite of himself†¦ She could talk to Dallas and keep him from getting into a lot of trouble. (Hinton 56) Like Colleen and Lori, Ponyboy also desires a certain amount of economic stability and freedom, but his Dream goes much deeper than that; he also wants peace. In his neighborhood, torn apart by social class, the greasers cannot even walk alone without fear of being jumped by the socs, kids from wealthy families who â€Å"had so much spare time and money that they jumped [greasers] and each other for kicks, had beer blasts and river-bottom parties because they didn’t know what else to do† (Hinton 51). Ponyboy’s idyllic version of the country represents his Dream for the world: a place where nobody has so little money that they are â€Å"hardened beyond caring† (Hinton 67) like Dally or so much money that they have nothing left to work for, like the socs. In his Dream, he is once again cared for by his parents. He is allowed to enjoy his childhood rather than wrestling with adult problems in an adult-less world.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Dream of the upper class is related by the soc Cherry Valence who confides in Ponyboy, telling him that being rich isn’t all it’s made out to be: ‘We’re sophisticated—cool to the point of not feeling anything. Nothing is for real with us. You know, sometimes I’ll catch myself talking to a girl-friend, and realize I don’t mean half of what I’m saying†¦ Rat race is a perfect name for it,’ she said. ‘We’re always going and going and going, and never asking where. Did you ever hear of having more than you wanted? So that you couldn’t want anything else and then started looking for something else to want? It seems like we’re always searching for something to satisfy us, and never finding it. Maybe if we could lose our cool we could.’ (Hinton 46) Cherry’s Dream, ironically, is to have a Dream—something to strive for. Like Ponyboy, she lives in a world consumed by money, only, rather than having too little, she has too much. The class culture she grew up in demands she meet social expectations, never letting her true self shine through. In talking to Ponyboy, she is able to make a genuine connection with another human being because she does not have to worry about keeping up appearances or fitting into cultural stereotypes. Just as Ehrenreich was able to fulfill her Dream of bettering the world and doing something meaningful by entering into the world of the working class poor, Cherry also found her Dream fulfilled when she stepped outside of her own social class and befriended a greaser. For both Hinton and Ehrenreich, the only way to restore equal opportunity to America and allow each individual the possibility of living the American Dream is through mutual friendship and respect between social classes. Works Cited Cullen, Jim. The American Dream: A Short History of an Idea That Shaped a Nation. New York: Oxford, 2003. Print. Ehrenreich, Barbara. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America. New York: Henry Holt, 2002. Print. Hayes, Charles, D. Beyond the American Dream: Lifelong Learning and the Search for Meaning in a Postmodern World. Wasilla, AK: Autodidactic Press, 1998. Print.    Hinton, S. E. The Outsiders. New York: The Viking Press, 1967. Print. Inderbitzin, Michelle. â€Å"Outsiders and Justice Consciousness.† Contemporary Justice Review. 6.4 (2003): 357-352. Web. 29 Dec. 2011.   Ã‚   Need-Hierarchy Theory.  Ã‚  A Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford Reference Online. Web. 25 Jan. 2012.

The Relationship Between Critical Thinking and Decision...

Critical thinking and decision-making are related in more ways than people think. This paper will define critical thinking and decision-making according to the book Whatever It Takes. It will also present a personal definition of critical thinking and decision-making from the author of this paper. The relationship between the two will be explained as well as the benefits of being a critical thinker. The author of this paper will also show how critical thinking is present in his organization and how he implements critical thinking techniques on a daily basis. The relationship between critical thinking and decision-making is much closer than what most people think. Once you look at the meanings of critical thinking and†¦show more content†¦Critical thinking is examining assumptions - not simply accepting arguments and conclusions at face value. Critical thinking is looking for hidden values, evaluating evidence and assessing multiple conclusions. I feel decision-making is an action. It is the destination of logical and analytical problem solving which is based in fact. Once the destination is reached, action in taken according to the resolution reached. Decision-making is the product of critical thinking. I believe that critical thinking and decision-making are inter-twined because you cant have one without the other. When you are trying to decide on something, you begin a critical thinking process. During this process, one evaluates information on a given problem. The process of reaching logical conclusions, solving problems, analyzing factual information, and taking appropriate actions based on the conclusions are called decision-making. While critical thinking and decision-making are interrelated and rely on one another, they are also independent. Critical thinking does not guarantee that a decision will be made and decisions can be made without processing information logically. There are benefits to being a critical thinker. 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How Does The Author Use Language From Present Scrooge s...

How does the author use language to present Scrooge s unpleasant personality? Charles dickens uses insults to portray Scrooge s unpleasant personality. This can be alluded from Stave 1 in the novel where Scrooge can be seen snubbing the charity workers who came seeking for a donation. If they would rather die, [...] they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population., such insult allows the reader to comprehend that Scrooge is nothing more than a greedy man who solely believes that the peasants are just money scammers and that they should all be locked up in a prison. Today s audience will see Scrooge this way and agree that he is a misery, bitter old man, who doesn t like giving away however back in the 19th century the audience would not be shocked to see a wealthy man as selfish as Scrooge. It was common in London at the time to see factory workers exploiting children who worked in hard conditions by hurting them with the most dangerous work and the cruelest words which is why I can only but say that Scrooge is an unpleasant, old wretch. Further to this Dickens use of metaphors paints a picture of Scrooge as a covetous old sinner!, in Stave 1 the narrator describes Scrooge to be a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone. A grindstone is a thick disc of stone used for grinding and it was extremely hard to hold onto however the narrator uses the adjective tight-fisted to imply Scrooge as adamant and as one who is able to hold onto the grindstone or in

Alienation within Beloved Essay - 1209 Words

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Information System Used by Wal - Mart Term Paper

Essays on Information System Used by Wal - Mart Term Paper The paper "Information System Used by Wal - Mart" is a good example of a term paper on e-commerce.  The Wal - Mart stores were the organization was selected owing to the curiosity of knowing more about the business strategy and information system used by the no 1 rated company in fortune 500 lists, which would be quite a rewarding experience as always success is never achieved in a single step.  Organization’s overall business strategyWal - Mart store inc. is one of the world’s largest retailers, rated as the number one company by the fortune 500. It has a revenue of $351,139.0 million that has increased by 11.2% in the current year. This year it has shown a profit of $11,284.0 million, with the stock holder’s equity rising up to 61,573.0. Its annual growth rate through the year of 1996 was a woofing rate of 15.1%. Sam Walton when open his first store in Arkansas 1962, had 3 basic beliefs on which he built the entire empire, which has now 1.3 million associat es worldwide with 3200 stores in the United States with 100 million customers visiting per week worldwide. The belief which on the technical terms was later transformed as a strategy was respecting individuals offering the best service to the customer and always striving for excellence. This belief with 10 factors ranging from motivating the partners to controlling the expenses better than the competitors became their underline principle. Sam Walton, with an innovative vision, used unusual business practices that let the company straight forward, with the organization still facing a significant amount of controversy over several different issues, but none of them was altering the gigantic operation. Future of Wal - Mart is also looking comfortable with the proper balance between increasing its profit and recognizing its social and ethical responsibilities. (Wal – Mart annual report, 2003)It is undeniable fact that Wal - Mart huge success is due to its sound strategic manageme nt decision couple with innovative implementation. The business strategy features 3 key points in its background, customer value, and service; partnership with its associates and community involvement. Thus the key feature of implementing this strategy by Wal - Mart is putting a strong emphasis on a solid working relationship with suppliers and employees, taking into notice many integrate details in-store layouts and merchandising techniques, capitalizing on every cost-saving opportunities and create a high-performance spirit. The strategic formula of company is very simple, in that to provide access to quality goods for customers together with making the goods available when and where the customer wants, on the sides developing a cost structure that would be given an inch up in competitive pricing summing up in building and maintaining the reputation for absolute trustworthiness. (Biesada, Alex,2006)

Sigmund Freuds Oedipal Complex - 731 Words

Time period is everything, people in the two thousands are more reserved in thoughts than people were in eighteen and nineteen hundreds. This exemplifies why Sigmund Freuds making of the Oedipal Complex is outrageous. Freud’s ideas of a child’s development is very graphic and disturbing to our modern day intellect, but fit the norm of early 1900’s society Oedipus the King, written is 440 B.C., by Sophacles has fascinated audiences for many years. However, Sigmund Freud came up with the ‘Oedipal Complex’ based off of this play that has caused plenty of controversy. He believed that, based of Oedipus the King and the attraction Oedipus had to his mother, that all children share the same desire towards the opposite sex parent. From that one instance, he created an entire complex that graphically lays out a child’s development. It is possible for a child to be attracted to their opposite sex parent at some point in time. But, taking it as far as Freud did in stating that the child wants to diminish the other parent is absurd. Clearly, he misinterpreted the text because that is not at all what happened in Oedipus the King. Oedipus did not intentionally kill his father nor marry his mother. These events occurred due to the fate of Oedipus, which he could not alter. He was separated from his parents at birth and did not find out till the end of the play who they were. Oedipus the King, became the King after he solved the riddle of the Sphinx. He was then asked to save the cityShow MoreRelatedIs Freudian Theory A Science?900 Words   |  4 PagesIs Freudian Theory a Science? 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Godse’s personality development was probably most affected during the phallic stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages. The phallic stage occurs between when a child is between the ag es of 3 and 6 and children in this stage deal with masturbation and Oedipal complexes. Oedipal complex is the term Freud used to indicate the child’s

A Case of Tesco

Question: Prepare a report on Tesco. Answer: Evaluation of different leadership styles within Tesco Tesco, the major retail supermarket chain of UK is majorly a customer oriented organization. The company generally adopts the democratic leadership style within the internal organization so that the employees get a chance to voice their opinions. On the contrary autocratic leadership style is seen among the store managers of Tesco. In cases of departmental managers having long experience within Tesco the organization shows a laissez faire leadership style. Hence the use of different leadership styles within Tesco depends upon the task, the team and the type of outcome expected from the task (Hariri, Monypenny Prideaux, 2014). Identification and comparison of three different styles The store managers at Tesco adopts the democratic or the participative leadership style in cases when the manager has to take decisions in relation to device better approaches for stock reduction program, introduction of new product line, enhancing of the visual merchandising etc. The creative idea and plans of different team members are useful in this context (Pietersen, 2014). In emergency cases like product launch, cost reduction, budget preparation the managers at Tesco adopt the authoritarian style. Lambert (2012) opined the authoritarian style is favorable in meeting deadlines of any project however excess use of the same may create a non congenial working environment. Laissez Faire approach is adopted by the managers with the experienced and old members of the company. They are given the freedom of preparing a project without any prior guidelines since they have the adequate knowledge. This increases the employee loyalty of the old employees and also reduces the pressure of the company (Pietersen, 2014). Leadership approaches used by Tescos competitors Tesco considered being the largest retail chain of UK adopts three different types of leadership strategies in order to formulate the working environment within the company. However the same is not observed in case of its competitors namely Sainsbury, ASDA, Wal-mart and Morrison. ASDA adopts the coaching leadership style within the organization especially for the retail employees. The retail company focuses on building a developmental relationship, generates a feedback process and formal programs and also encourages various kinds of self developmental activities (Samad Abdullah, 2012). On the contrary both Sainsbury and Morrison adopt the autocratic leadership style in order to dominate the retail employees and give them orders in terms of project completion, customer handling etc. The adoption of these leadership strategies have contributed to the development of the employees but not development of the organization. Evaluation of developments in management support underpinning Tesco management today Saeed et al. (2014) opined that in the present scenario the management system within the organizations have been developed. The major changes have been brought about by the change in the employee development program. As per the reports of Forbes around 80% of the organizations are focused on the promotions of employee training in order to increase the efficiency of the organizational objectives. However Tesco is operated by majorly experienced employees hence the company is not striving to take any options of training and development within the organization. Thiel, Connelly Griffith (2012) suggested that lack of training leads to lack of new idea generation. Comparison of different motivation skills in Tesco Motivation is a prime factor to develop the productivity of the employees in an organization. Tesco pay prime focus on the monetary needs of the employees. However Xenikou Furnham (2013) opined that as per Maslows hierarchy of needs theory the basic physiological needs of an individual should be of primary focus for the organizations. Tesco adopts the following strategies namely Appreciation of work (Tesco.com, 2015) Responsibility and empowerment Offering work place challenges and development Opportunity for advancement Tesco supports work life balance of employees by providing them with flexible working hours, shifting duties for the retail employees, health benefits, Green club card for discounted shopping purposes, staff discounts, shareholder options etc (Hatzakis, 2009). Tesco designs the Employee reward program in the following ways namely Offering free shares after one year of service Provide contract free phones with O2 connection Pay slip vouchers in Christmas Holiday discounts and Gym membership (Kirby, 2009) Comparison of four motivation techniques According to Forsyth (2013) the following techniques may be used for motivating the employees within an organization namely employee benefits, congenial working environment, professional enrichment and performance appraisal. The employee benefits concerns motivating the employees with monetary and non monetary benefits. On the contrary the congenial working environment helps to motivate the employees psychologically (Hatzakis, 2009). The performance appraisal technique helps in generating a sense of responsibility and accountability within the employees. Finally the professional enrichment helps in creating a job satisfaction within the employees which in turn motivates them to work more effectively. Group behaviors and dynamics According to Connors (2012) group dynamics is a system of behavior by the individuals within the group. The group dynamics is useful for understanding decision making pattern of the individuals within the group. Group dynamics describes the way the groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstances. The group dynamics also helps in identifying the productivity of the group members. The group dynamics will be able to help the individuals within the group to understand the behavior of the group members. The decision of group members depends upon the dynamics of the group (Ben-Zur, 2009). Strategies to be used for group development The following strategies should be adopted in order to form a cohesive group namely Selection of appropriate team members Identification of the objective of the group Use open communication techniques (Cameron, 2012) Promotion of trust within the group members Encouragement of feedback system However some of the problems which are faced in terms of group formation are as follows: Problems of co coordinating with the cross functional team members Communication barriers in terms of language and other factors Implement of appropriate leadership styles Lack of motivational techniques within the team members (Bell Morse, 2013) Presence of cross cultural teams hampering in team productivity Lack of co ordination in terms of decision making Role confusion between the different team members Group dynamics and team conflict Non congenial working environment Use of technology to meet needs of diverse geographical workforce Virtual teams are the groups within the organizations which are geographically distributed throughout the different parts of the world. The major communication processes between these teams are the technological sources like Video conferencing, Skypes, mail chats, webinars and discussion boards. However Allwood Salo (2012) opined that several challenges may arise in case of managing the virtual teams namely lack of communication, misinterpretation, lack of co ordination and indistinct group roles and responsibilities. As per the records of the Tele work Research Network around 2.9 million full time virtual workers are found in UK and USA. The virtual teams consist of people who work from home and also people who take part in mobile works. With help of collaboration tools namely Redbooth, Blackboard collaborate, Podio and Campfire and project management tools like Microsoft project, Apollo, Teamwork, Primavera etc and Document storage or file sharing tools and meeting tools the virtual communication process has been improved in the present scenario. However Armstrong, Cools Sadler-Smith (2011) opined that the problems like relations ship building, rising of issues and communication problems have made the virtual teams difficult to make the operations. References list Allwood, C., Salo, I. (2012). Decision-making styles and stress. International Journal Of Stress Management, 19(1), 34-47. doi:10.1037/a0027420 Armstrong, S., Cools, E., Sadler-Smith, E. (2011). Role of Cognitive Styles in Business and Management: Reviewing 40 Years of Research. International Journal Of Management Reviews, 14(3), 238-262. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00315.x Bell, S., Morse, S. (2013). An approach to comparing external and internal methods for analyzing group dynamic. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, And Practice, 17(4), 281-298. doi:10.1037/a0034623 Ben-Zur, H. (2009). Coping styles and affect. International Journal Of Stress Management, 16(2), 87-101. doi:10.1037/a0015731 Cameron, K. (2012). Positive Leadership. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Connors, T. (2012). The volunteer management handbook. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Forsyth, D. (2013). Group dynamics. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Hariri, H., Monypenny, R., Prideaux, M. (2014). Leadership styles and decision-making styles in an Indonesian school context. School Leadership Management, 34(3), 284-298. doi:10.1080/13632434.2013.849678 Hatzakis, T. (2009). Towards a Framework of Trust Attribution Styles. British Journal Of Management, 20(4), 448-460. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00596.x Kirby, A. (2009). Management styles. BMJ, 339(sep29 2), a2528-a2528. doi:10.1136/bmj.a2528 Lambert, S. (2012). The perception and implementation of sustainable Leadership strategies in further education colleges. Journal Of Leadership Education, 11(2), 102-120. doi:10.12806/v11/i2/rf6 Pietersen, C. (2014). Interpersonal Conflict Management Styles and Emotion Self-Management Competencies of Public Accountants. Mediterranean Journal Of Social Sciences. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n7p273 Saeed, T., Almas, S., Anis-ul-Haq, M., Niazi, G. (2014). Leadership styles: relationship with conflict management styles. International Journal Of Conflict Management, 25(3), 214-225. doi:10.1108/ijcma-12-2012-0091 Samad, S., Abdullah, Z. (2012). The Influence of Leadership Styles on Organizational Performance of Logistics Companies. International Business Management, 6(3), 374-383. doi:10.3923/ibm.2012.374.383 Tesco.com,. (2015). Tesco direct : Choose from hundreds of products now on clearance - Tesco.com. Thiel, C., Connelly, S., Griffith, J. (2012). Leadership and emotion management for complex tasks: Different emotions, different strategies. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 517-533. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.12.005 Xenikou, A., Furnham, A. (2013). Group dynamics and organizational culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.